Public Economics - 1471 Words

NUI, Galway | Public Economics Essay: With respect to inequality and poverty how does Ireland compare to other Western industrialized countries? | Padraig Mc Govern | | 08604070 | 3/9/2012 | Lecturer: Professor Eamon O Shea Course code: 4BCM1 Introduction The following essay will compare Ireland with respect to inequality and poverty to the United States and the United Kingdom. I will use the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to analyse their position in the world’s economy; identify how to measure poverty; the main reasons for poverty and inequality in these three countries; use graphs and references to illustrate my evidence; and then finally give a brief conclusion to my essay. Anyone who sets out to†¦show more content†¦Statistics for United Kingdom | 1. Population= 60,776,2382. Population Below Poverty Line= 17%3. Unemployment Rate= 2.9%4. Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1,000 Live Births)= 5.015. Literacy Rate (Age 15 And Over Can Read And Write)= 99%6. Life Expectancy (At Birth, In Years)= 78.77. GDP (US$ Millions)= 1,429,6658. GDP/Capita (US$)= 24,2819. # of Refugees= 200,03610. % of Population With Water Access= 100% | While approximately 35 million live in poverty in the United States. It is one of the top four countries with highest rates of child poverty, without government assistance. In 2005, 17.6% of American children lived in poverty. The U.S. has more poor people per capita than any other industrialized country, and children are the most affected demographic group. In the United States, 12 percent of the population live below the poverty line. Statistics of United States | 1. Population= 301,139,9472. Population Below Poverty Line= 12%3. Unemployment Rate= 4.8%4. Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1,000 Live Births)= 6.375. Literacy Rate (Age 15 And Over Can Read And Write)= 99%6. Life Expectancy (At Birth, In Years)= 787. GDP (US$ Millions)= 10,019,7008.Show MoreRelatedEconomic Databases Are Collections Of Economic Information That Inform The Public About Economic Growth Or Decline?1211 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic databases are collections of economic information that inform the public about important issues that show economic growth or decline. These databases are very diverse and specific ranging from unemployment statistics to construction spending. The data is then used to help calculate long term and short term growth and let people know about economic opportunities. This information can be compared to different countries to let one country know where they measure between other countries. MyRead MoreThe General Public s Ignorance Of Economics962 Words   |  4 Pagesversa—how much they as individuals can affect the economy. The general public’s ignorance of economics is extremely counterproductive because many problems in this country could be solved if everyone had a basic understanding of economic principles. However, economics can be difficult to understand, and therefore, people tend to avoid the topic whenever possible. In an effort to overcome the confusing nature of economics, Miranda, a twenty-two year old who works in retail and attends college in an effortRead MorePublic Expenditure and Economic Growth in India13502 Words   |  55 PagesPUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH WHAT IS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE? MEANING: Public expenditure refers to Government expenditure i.e. Government spending. It is incurred by Central, State and Local governments of a country. Spending by government , municipality, or any local authority. It covers things such as health, education or social services and is funded by tax revenue. It is one of the element that make up aggregate expenditure. Government spending or government expenditure is classifiedRead MoreSocial And Economic Inequalities Of Public Policy3221 Words   |  13 Pagesand economic inequalities exist in the UK particularly because of discrimination and prejudices resulting in unequal society lacking cohesion and unity. In 2008, a comprehensive analysis to critically analyze and asses the level of social and economic inequality was conducted in the UK, by Professor John Hills who chaired the National Equality Panel created by the government to provide in-depth analysis on the subject. The report presented by the National Equality Panel found out that public policyRead MoreThe Effects Of Public Debt On Economic Growth1893 Words   |  8 Pagesgovernment debt Most research has shown that the effects of public debt on economic growth differs across countries; depends on country-specific factors and institutions such as the level of fiscal imbalances, the level of debt sustainability, the level of financial deepening, macroeconomic stability, and political environment. In response to the financial and economic crisis in 2008/09, the accumulation of public debt and its effects on economic growth have received renewed attention among many economistsRead MoreThe Effects Of Public Debt On Economic Growth1638 Words   |  7 PagesData released by the Bank of Ghana (BOG) recently showed that Ghana’s debt stock rose to GH ¢ 97.2billion (or US$25.6billion) in December 2015, equivalent to 72.9% of the year’s total economic output, measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Out of this, total external debt amounted to GH ¢57.8billion (43.4% of GDP) and domestic debt was GH ¢39.4billion (25.2% of GDP). That means, in nominal te rms, based on population projections by the Ghana Statistical Service; for every man, woman, and childRead MoreEffects Of Public Debt On Economic Growth1875 Words   |  8 PagesMost research has shown that the effects of public debt on economic growth differs across countries; depends on country-specific factors and institutions such as the level of fiscal imbalances, the level of debt sustainability, the level of financial deepening, macroeconomic stability, and political environment. In response to the financial and economic crisis of 2008/09, the accumulation of public debt and its effects on economic growth have received renewed attention among many economists and policyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Public Capital and Economic Activity 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesetc., had the majority explanatory power for productivity. The relationship between public capital and economic activity at the State level in the US was examined by Munnell (1990a, 1990b). In the initial analysis, public capital was found to have a considerable and positive impact on output even though the output elasticity was roughly one-half the size of the national estimate. In the following analysis, public capital was found to enhance the productivity of private capital, boost its rate ofRead MorePublic Economics1463 Words   |  6 PagesNUI, Galway | Public Economics Essay: With respect to inequality and poverty how does Ireland compare to other Western industrialized countries? | Padraig Mc Govern | | 08604070 | 3/9/2012 | Lecturer: Professor Eamon O Shea Course code: 4BCM1 Introduction The following essay will compare Ireland with respect to inequality and poverty to the United States and the United Kingdom. I will use the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to analyse their position in the world’s economy;Read MoreObesity Is A Major Public Health And Economic Problem Within Populations2781 Words   |  12 PagesObesity is a major public health and economic problem within populations. The complex interactions between environment, individual factors and genetic variability have escalated the issue to the top of policy and programme agendas worldwide, with prevention of childhood obesity providing a particularly compelling mandate for action.1, 2 There is an undisputed understanding that this epidemic is in need of urgent action that is both comprehensive and sustainable. Often upstream legislative and funding

Should We Be Living Their Life Essay - 1507 Words

Life as we know it is changing and maybe not for the best. People are making life-changing decisions without a second thought every second of every day. Is this the way anyone should be living their life? (TRANSITION?) Many who have or currently work in restaurants and other places of business within the food industry are demanding higher compensations without knowing the negative repercussions that could arise and take effect. It was recently discovered that, in 2014, around 71% of Americans favored an increase in minimum wages, yet less than half knew or understood the positive and negative effects that came with higher wages (procon.org). That is a very striking statistic and goes to show that people need to be educated before making a decision that could ultimately change the rest of their lives. I used to be one. So, before filling out your ballot and checking ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for the proposition to raise your state’s minimum wage that sounds so app ealing, take a minute to understand what you are choosing, you may be surprised what you learn. In the end, it is your decision and freedom of choice to support or oppose the increase, but I believe we should stand against raising the minimum wage for all except servers who receive the tipped minimum wage of $2.13. The federal minimum wage laws were first created on June 25, 1938 through the Department of Labor and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This enacted the first $0.25Show MoreRelatedGod : Epicurus Shares With Us How One Should Go About Living A Life1091 Words   |  5 PagesIn his Letter To Menoeceus, Epicurus shares with us how one should go about living a blessed and pleasurable life. He states the is human nature to desire a life devoted to self pleasure. Someone in opposition to Epicurus argument would say that living a life devoted to oneself is not living a blessed life because one is not living by the grace of god. He makes the argument that one should not live a life of fear or pain, and actions that will bring ultimate happiness will lead to achieving wisdomRead MoreLife Worth Living By William James994 Words   |  4 PagesJames’. However, there are other concepts holding positions that are in opposition to what James has to say. In this paper, I will answer James’ question in his essay, Is Life Worth Living, by arguing affirmatively that life is worth living. Premises The main argument that William James provides in his essay is that life is worth living. The main supports for this argument are religion, belief, and faith. Another defense James offers is optimism, although he knows this cannot be true for everyone. AccordingRead More Reflection Paper on Living in the Land of Promise Article1015 Words   |  5 Pageswondered what true happiness is? Or what is living in a Promised Land like? Or just wondering how can a priest live a happy life if they are to give up on a lot of things? Or have you ever wondered of your purpose on life? On why we are all here on Earth? I believe, each and every one of us, is living in this world with a purpose. It may be a great or a simple one but we are all called by God to fulfill certain tasks. And as we fulfill whatever that task is, we should always be ready to face all sorts ofRead MoreLiving Like Weasles1281 Words   |  6 Pageslearn something of mindlessness, something of the purity of living in the phy sical senses and the dignity of living without bias or motive.† In â€Å"Living Like Weasels†, the author Annie Dillard, encounters a weasel. Typically, in the animal kingdom a weasel is viewed as an unremarkable, and even disgusting animal. However, with the appearance of a weasel, Annie encounters a sort of revelation, or epiphany, about life and how it should be lived. In a particularly poignant quotation in paragraph 14Read MoreAntigone, Star Wars, and the Good Life1559 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’s play Antigone promotes a good life that, through careful analysis, is very similar to the Stoic theory of the good life. Antigone is a story about the members of the ancient Theban aristocracy vying for control of themselves and others; however, in its core it contains an exploration of the good life, that is trying to investigate what values will allow one to get what they want out of life. A group of philosophers, also of Greek origin, produced a theory of this topic; this group ofRead MoreShould I Be Afraid Of Death?1126 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophical Question at issue: Should I be afraid of death? Authors Thesis: During his passage, Epicurus tells us we have nothing to look forward to at death because when we die, there is nothing more. Authors Argument: Epicurus says that people need to start believing that death is nothing. He believes that death is the â€Å"privation of all awareness† (Epicurus, pg 103), the complete opposite of the meaning of good and evil, which is having awareness. Epicurus tells us that we must focus on the things thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s The Apology 1198 Words   |  5 Pagesall that he should not go against his own beliefs. In his defense, Socrates claims that an â€Å"unexamined† life is not worth living. What he means by this is that living an unexamined life means living a life without any knowledge and wisdom. Plato’s â€Å"The Apology† emphasizes the importance of asking questions and seeking for the truth. â€Å"The greatest good of man is daily to converse about virtue, and all that concerning which you hear me examining myself and others, and that the life which is unexaminedRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Analysis1465 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to talk about Socrates claim that the unexamined life is not worth living a person first has to understand the context that it was used in. In the Apology, Socrates used that phrase when he was in trial for corrupting the youth. The court was allowing him to counter their punishment of death and suggest a different punishment. After ruling out all other forms of punishment, Socrates says this and he is therefore, sentenced to death. Both the author of the Apology, Plato, and SocratesRead MoreThe Birth of Human Ethics and Death of the Physical Body Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Birth of Human Ethics and Death of The Physical Body Living our life is about being happy, but often we misunderstand the meaning of happiness. In understanding the nature of living well and happiness philosophical systems, such as Confucianism and Epicureanism, can play important roles to explain the notion of happiness. Confucianism embraces ethical principles and behaviors in making one’s life organized within a collective society to attain happiness. On the other hand, Epicureanism expressesRead MoreCarpe Diem Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesCarpe Diem We live day to day working, paying bills, and not noticing what is truly out there in the world. We get caught up in drama with co-workers, friends, family and random people that we meet in our day to day activities. We stress over little things that shouldn’’t even be stressed over, because what’’s going to change from the time you’’re stressing from the next day to the next? The problem won’’t go away or get better or worse either way. So why stress? Life is too short to not enjoy

Consumer Behaviour Notes - 4748 Words

Chapter 1 Read pages 4 – 6 and 22 for digital revolution Consumer behaviour is defined as the behaviour that consumers undertake in seeking, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their personal needs. Personal and organisational consumers (page 9) The personal consumer buys good and services for his or her own use, for use by the whole household, for another member of the household or as a gift for a friend. In all these contexts, the goods are bought for final use by individuals, who are referred to as ‘end users’ or ‘ultimate consumers’. The organisational consumer includes profit and non-profit businesses, public sector agencies and institutions, all of which buy products,†¦show more content†¦Targeting is selecting one or more of the segments identified for the company to pursue. Positioning is developing a distinct image for the product or service in the mind of the consumer, an image that will differentiate the offering from competing ones and squarely communicate to consumers that the particular product or service will fulfil their needs better than competing brands. Chapter 2 Mass marketing is offering the same product and marketing mix to all consumers. Repositioning is accomplished by changing the promotional appeal, the distribution strategy or the price, based on the characteristics of a new segment or changing characteristics of the existing segment. Bases for segmentation page 35 onwards The first step in developing a segmentation strategy is to select the most appropriate base(s) on which to segment the market. Geographic segmentation – the market is divided by location (state, region, location, housing density, and climate). Demographic segmentation – refers to the identifiable and measureable statistics of a population (age, sex, marital status, income, occupation and education). Demographic information is often the most accessible and cost-effective way of identifying a target market. Demographic doesn’t define why. Psychological segmentation – focuses on the inner or psychological characteristics of consumers. It refers to intrinsic qualities of the individual consumer, and such consumerShow MoreRelatedExecutive Summary Example836 Words   |  4 Pagesconditions data limitations as not enough information is provided or enough detail i.e. monthly details not known results are based on past performances not present | subject matter methods of analysis Findings Conclusions Recommendations (note that conclusions and recommendations can be bulleted) Limitations of the report. | Excerpt from Woodward-Kron, R. (1997) Writing in Commerce: a guide to assist Commerce students with assignment writing, (Revised edition), Centre for the AdvancementRead MoreCustomer Is Not Always Right13057 Words   |  53 Pageswaited on quickly, quietly and efficiently, and most of the time customers are thought to be always right. In this study, there is a lot of important contribution to be given in understanding that there are â€Å"Dysfunctional Customers†, and that their behaviours have serious consequences. Some customers seem to believe they are right, even when they are wrong, and sometimes they do not realize that the intention of the server is to help them the best way he/she can. Dealing with the customers is the numberRead MoreHow Technology Affects Consumer Behaviour?14761 Words   |  60 Pages1822-6515ISSN 1822-6515 EKONOMIKA IR VADYBA: 2009. 14ECONOMICS amp; MANAGEMENT: 2009. 14 IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Elina Gaile-Sarkane Riga T echnical University, Latvia, elina.gaile-sarkane@rtu.lv Abstract Fast development of equipment and technologies, economic globalization and many other external circumstances stimulate the changes in consumer behavior. Usually consumer behavior has drawn upon theories developed in related fields of study of human behavior such as psychology, sociologyRead MoreTourism Research Topics2874 Words   |  12 Pagesinfluences the approach-avoidance behavior through intervening variables. These intervening variables are emotional response, cognitive response and physiological response. Several studies have been conducted examining the influence of store atmosphere on consumer inferences. Baker et al. (1994) studied the relationship between store atmosphere and the perception of merchandise quality and between store atmosphere and the perception of service quality. Ambient factors and social factors emerged as importantRead MoreThe Fragance Market and Perfume Industry792 Words   |  3 Pagesstate, the behaviour of consumers and governmental issues revolv ing around the perfume industry. In spite of the slow recovery from the 2008 recession, market value of fragrances have increased 25.6% over the last 5 years (Key Note, 2013, pp. 15). The buying power of consumers and household disposable income is strengthening in the UK, even though unemployment rates and inflation are rising. Many would assume the financial condition of the macro-environment would result in consumers cutting spendingRead MoreEthical Consumerism Of Fast Fashion1750 Words   |  7 Pagesof research that investigate intention and the actual behavior of ethical minded consumers (Carrington et al. 2010; Beard 2008; Brandstà ¤tter et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2013) but not much has been done on ethical consumerism including the driving forces behind consumer behavior in in fast fashion industry. Data for the study was collecting through three focus groups which provided key information on consumer behaviour relating to the garment industry, and in particular â€Å"Fast Fashion. The major findingRead MoreThe Ground For Low Brand Trust Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesis the willingness of the average consumer to rely on the ability of the brand to perform its function stated, as defined by Chaudire and Holbrook (2001, p. 82) as cited in (accuracy, 2015). This essay follows Lohmann’s (1979) sociological theory of trust, which views trust as a function of experience and high perceived risk. As cited in (Yannopoulou, Koronis, and Elliott, 2011). Brand trust its self can be described simply as a promise in which the consumers choose to trust, and that makes theRead MoreThe Relationship Between Advertising Models And Consumer Behaviour996 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between advertising models and consumer behaviour has been studied via two main techniques: qua ntitative techniques, which employ and seek to develop mathematical models of consumer behaviour, and qualitative techniques using a variety of techniques derived from the psychological and social sciences. The stimulus-response model (Figure 1) (Kotler, 2008) explains how consumers respond the marketing efforts and other stimuli. For the reason that companies use various marketing activitiesRead MoreConsumer Behavior Aspects of Ahmad Tea673 Words   |  3 Pageswill focus on the consumer behaviour aspects of the Ahmad business. Consumer behavior describes how consumers react to brands and specific marketing tactics. In the tea industry, consumers tend to be regular consumers and have high brand loyalty. There are a number of individual buyer factors that will be discussed in this paper. Internal influences on buyer behaviour Internal factors refer to the consumers ability to benefit from the product (Callahan, 2012). The consumer of tea seeks relaxationRead More2.7 Summary It would appear that fast fashion has had a detrimental effect on the role of the self1200 Words   |  5 Pageslessened consumers’ levels of attachment to items; this will be a point of research within this dissertation as convincing consumers to value their clothing would be the initial stage in adapting disposal behaviours. Consumer attitudes towards disposal are currently mostly divided between sending items to landfill or to the charity shop, these methods appear to have been chosen mostly out of convenience, (Birtwistle and Moore 2007) therefore the next stage to alter consumer behaviours would be to

Get Know About Future Workplace Challenges And Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Future Workplace Challenges and Opportunities. Answer: Introduction Organizations in todays generation have been changing rapidly in terms of diversity, culture and competition. The human resource department of the company is constantly on its toes to combat with these changes by managing the workforce effectively and productively. The Human Resource Management plays an important role in building the strategy of the organization with changes in the workplace. Workplaces have to constantly emphasize on attracting and retaining the best talent in the industry, otherwise the competitors may outplay them in terms of strategic employment. There is an enormous increase in competition, locally and globally, therefore it is important that workplaces become more adaptable, resilient and also tend to get customer focused. An organization would be successful with the changes occurring by thoroughly understand the organization policies and be able to take key decisions with great responsibility. The HR of the company has the main role of focusing on the strategic personnel for retention and talent management. The HR of the company will become coaches, mentors, advisers, counselors and succession planners in order to motivate the employees and their loyalty. With continuous changes occurring in the workplace the HR also has to maintain the ethics, values and beliefs in the management of the workplace diversity. Workplace Diversity Josh Greenberg defines workplace diversity as various differences that exist among the people in an organization. Workplace diversity includes aspects more than variety of differences that exist among the people who work in place. The diversity explained includes the race, gender, age group, nationality, tenure, background, education etc. Diversity at a workplace involve mutual acceptance of the value that is placed on the differences among the people (Ouye, 2011). Diverse workforce has its set of advantages. They implement an effective diversity recruitment strategy. It provides a platform wherein people from various backgrounds can come together and work as a group. It is included in the companys employment policies and helps in achieving equality, as there is a fair process of hiring employees. For a company to achieve workplace diversity into its organization it is necessary that they have a workplace diversity program established. It should create equitable employment opportunities for all the employees (Chan, 1998). Workplaces of the future would face many changes that what it is in the present day. With advancements in technology there are changes that take place rapidly. The topic I have chosen for predicted future workplace changes is- Employees will use apps to manage their work and personal life. Employees using Apps As more and more organizations are going mobile in todays trend, the future workplace will have most of the employees using mobile apps for their professional and personal lives. With such technological advancement the executives and managers of the organization will require better and enhanced solutions to manage their field workers, their office staff and systems. Also the flow of communication should be accessible to all employees from top to bottom of the organization. Sharing of information should be made easier and available at all times. One of the most important challenges that the management of an organization would face with the employees using apps would be tracking them and providing them with up-to-date and real-time information across various platforms (Stanley, 2015). With the trend of using mobile phones going on rise it cannot be characterized as a trend but it has become a reality. Under the Workplace of the Future global survey conducted by Citrix, it was found that in the future of workplace each person would use about 6 devices to perform his/her work. Smartphone was a term that had been used for a long time. However the meaning has changed in the due course of time. The invention of Internet has made the smartphone even better. Litchfield in his article, Defining the Smartphone, had defined it as a device that engages in opening new apps using operating system, and is constantly connected to the internet (Litchfield 2010). He stated it rightly because only when the Internet is connected to the device will people be able to do various things. Workplaces are trending to show that more people have started using their smartphones. Forrester, a research company had estimated that by the year 2016, about 350 million employees who have a smartphone, and among 57% of these would be bringing their smartphones to work (Chen, 2012). Employees are using apps in their smartphones in order to manage their work and personal life in a better way. Smartphones have their own pros and cons. They have various implications the employees, on the HR and the leaders and managers. Employees are using mobile apps not only for managing their work but also for their personal lives. Apps are used on daily basis to engage into newer activities. Implications for Employees There is a constant use of mobile applications (apps) by employees in their personal and professional lives. It comes with challenges and opportunities for the employees. The employees would have to learn constantly to update their skills and knowledge with the growth of technology. The use of apps as technology is believed to increase the productivity at the workplace. The best use of apps by employees for their work includes micro-blogging platforms, wikis, social media, and instant messaging service. These tools help in sharing of information, enhancing their knowledge. These tools are secure and also provide a privacy concern, which is found suitable by employees in their work. Virtual office The technology has provided employees with a virtual office. The mobile applications provide a platform as a virtual office, wherein employees can take their office everywhere. For instance if an employee has to reach out somewhere in an emergency, he can still have an access to his work through mobile apps. By this way, he can conduct his/her office work from any place. There are e-mails, laptops, computers, etc. available everywhere. Just in time workers The employees are seeking greater ability to look after their families. Employees are seeking for opportunities where they could have greater flexibility in their work. Employees could become contact workers wherein they do not have to be loaded with full time work. This provides them with work-life balance. Employees could make use of apps that could help them in engaging in jobs that are not tedious and also easy to complete. Employment with choice The use of mobile apps has provided employees with a wide variety of choices. They have the choice to work from home or at the office set up. They have alternative work arrangements provided by their employers, which are non-traditional and also make them respond to market forces in a better manner. Wide range of Apps The employees are provided with a wide range of apps in todays time. They have ample choices, which makes the work more flexible, and reliable. Some of the apps that employees use for managing their work come in with features like time clock, tracking and status. Employees use apps for their personal lives for shopping like Grofers, Big Basket, Amazon, etc., dating purposes like Tinder, food services like Zomato and Swiggy etc. Implications on HR As the demography of the workforce composition changes, the level of motivation and expectations of the employees increase too. The use of apps by employees would bring an enormous change in what they would value the most. It is imperative for the HR to understand these changes. It could be the prestige, autonomy or compensation that the employees would be seeking. The use of mobile apps by employees also poses the challenge as they impact on the commercial, lifestyle and technological factors. For various advantages, the employers also choose to extend their arm in letting their employees to work from anywhere. It has provided the employees with a sense of freedom and flexibility, but has also lead to various challenges and risks. Practical Considerations With the higher usage of mobile apps by the employees, there is higher risk for monitoring the data protection. When the employees are office based, it is not risk-free. When an employee is physically present in an office and using the device provided by them, it is easier for the HR to have a track on the data that he is using (Kushel, 2016). A mobile workforce would create additional challenges for the HR to keep a check on them. Using mobile devices and other devices at other places like their home etc. would complicate the procedure of and process of employee management (TaylorWessing, 2013). There are some key issues that a HR has to consider when the employees would use apps for managing their work. Some of them are: To assess if the devices that are connected are secure compared to the computers provided at the office Undertake checks on a regular basis that the level of risks is under acceptable terms. Placing of specific systems that could detect the data that is browsed even for home-based devices for mobile employees In case the employees are given devices that are used by the company, whether there are proper policies that could prevent them from installing any apps for their own use. In case the company allows them to install any apps for their use, their legitimacy has to be crosschecked. Bring Your Own Device Concept (BYOD) Many organizations have a policy that allows their employees to bring their own device at workplace (Zielinski, 2012). The level of risks that are associated with this is substantially high. The major risk being that a third party could have an access into the corporates data. Clear communication messages should be provided to the employees before hand along with safeguard measures and procedures. On the other hand, the companies can also have a positive outlook on this by providing them with incentives (Merrell, 2012). However if the company is worried about the privacy of the companys data privacy then it could give their employees smartphone from themselves. Security reasons are the major concerns, which lead companies to take this step (Brodkin 2011). Therefore in the workplace of future the HR team would be more concerned on how to protect the data of the company with the devices that are used both employees either at office or when they are home based. Implication on Leaders and Managers An organization could successfully work if their leaders and managers can understand that their people know how, when and where to work. However the best way to help them with achieving higher performance would be by giving them choices. Therefore if the leaders and managers provide their employees with the choice of using apps for managing their work, it will provide them with a freedom to enhance their work. Adapting New Practices The leaders and managers of a company are people who lead the team of people in the direction to achieve the goals. With the increase in changes of work pattern, it is important and imperative that the leaders of a company adapt to accepting new practices. With the use of mobile apps, the employees could be scattered around geographically, therefore the leaders need to develop policies to manage them accordingly. Changing Culture With changing trends, it is imperative that the managers ensure that the culture of the company is maintained at all levels. In the advent of changes the most difficult part is changing the people. When people get used to one style of working, it is difficult to make them adapt to new things. In order to achieve this, the leaders should involve their employees in the planning process, which would help in assessing their feedback and their choice of work. Autonomy and Morale The use of smartphones at workplace would help in promoting autonomy and also boost the morale of the employees. When the employees use their own device it would have better lifestyle and technology enhanced. Knowledge Sharing Every organization has its flow of information in the organization. The leaders and managers of an organization primarily focus on how they could share information with their employees in the most accessible manner. Integrating more social network applications in the future workplace would attain higher knowledge sharing. One of the most popular knowledge sharing tools used today is Cloud Computing, which is hosted by other companies. Some of the sites are Facebook, YouTube, and Google Docs etc. (Anderson 2010). Conclusion Smartphones used in the future workplace would have potential benefits to the organization and employees by strengthening their relationships with others, autonomy, and enhancing knowledge sharing. These factors are important for the growth of the workplace of future. Their potential benefits would boost the morale of the employees, provide job satisfaction, and increase productivity. Smartphones would enable the people in the organization to become productive and profitable (Carayannis Clark, 2011). It could be a case of win-win situation if the employees, the HR and leaders and managers work together in progress. References List Anderson, J.Q Rainie, L. 2010. The future of cloud computing. Pew Researcher Centers Internet American Life Project, 1-3, viewed June 2010, from https://www.pewinternet.org/2010/06/11/the-future-of-cloud-computing/ Brodkin, J. 2011, Wells Fargo says no to smartphone and tablets, in Network (Online), 24 March 45-49. Carayannis, E.G., Clark, S. C., 2011, Do Smartphones make for better business? the Smartphone CEO Study, Journal for Knowledge Economy, 2(2), 201-233. Chan, Alvin, 2006 The Challenges of Human Resource Management, McGraw- Hill, viewed 14 July 2006, from https://work911.com/planningmaster/planningarticles/challengesofhrmgmt.htm Chen, B. X 2012, Get ready for 1 billion smartphones by 2016, The New York Times, viewed 07 March 2012, from https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/getready-for-1-billion-smartphones-by-2016-forrester-says/?_r=0 Kushel, Rachel, 2016, Does Use of Apps Lead to Violations of Workplace Policies, viewed 23 February 2016, from https://www.dataprivacyandsecurityinsider.com/2016/02/does-employees-use-of-apps-lead-to-violations-of-workplace-policies/ Litchfield, S. 2010. Defining the Smartphone, viewed July 16 2010, from https://www.allaboutsymbian.com/features/item/Defining_the_Smartphone.php Stanley, Robert 2015, Mobile Apps in the Workforce, viewed July 9 2015, from https://www.clicksoftware.com/blog/mobile-apps-in-the-workforce-overcoming-challenges-to-reap-the-benefits-of-a-fully-mobile-workforce/ Ouye, Joe Aki, 2011, Five Trends that are dramatically changing work and workplace, 3-5, viewed September 2011, from https://www.knoll.com/media/18/144/WP_FiveTrends.pdf Merrell, Miller. J. 2012, The workplace engagement economy where HR and tech collide, Employment Relations Today, n.d, 1-9 TaylorWessing 2013, A mobile workforce, The HR and data protection challenges, viewed at 09 April 2013, from https://www.taylorwessing.com/globaldatahub/article_hr_dp_mobile.html Zielinski, D. 2012, Bring your own Device, HR Magazine, February 2012, 71-74